隨著人民生活水(shui)平的提高，國(guo)內開始流行(xing)水(shui)晶(jing)(crystal)熱(re)，香奈爾、迪奧等時裝(zhuang)也(ye)用(yong)施華洛世奇水(shui)晶(jing)(Swaroskicrystal)裝(zhuang)飾，水(shui)晶(jing)也(ye)由首飾、裝(zhuang)飾品、陳列(lie)品走(zou)向時裝(zhuang)、鞋帽(mao)、鐘表(biao)方面。

國外(wai)一些知(zhi)名的(de)(de)建筑玻(bo)璃企業也生產水晶平(ping)板玻(bo)璃及水晶玻(bo)璃建筑制品(pin)(pin)，在高品(pin)(pin)質建筑上應用。國外(wai)，很早就(jiu)出現(xian)了水晶俱樂(le)部，有(you)大批的(de)(de)水晶迷(mi)。國內也有(you)水晶城、水晶宮(gong)等專門(men)從事水晶玻(bo)璃加工的(de)(de)縣市(shi)與(yu)鄉(xiang)鎮。

但是目前國內(nei)外非學術(shu)報刊、網(wang)站、企業(ye)宣傳材料(liao)等(deng)所稱水(shui)(shui)晶(jing)(jing)crystal，按詞典(dian)上(shang)的中文譯(yi)名(ming)為(wei)晶(jing)(jing)體，并不是傳統上(shang)的石(shi)英晶(jing)(jing)體(quartzcrystal)，更不是國內(nei)某些水(shui)(shui)晶(jing)(jing)城加工水(shui)(shui)晶(jing)(jing)球、水(shui)(shui)晶(jing)(jing)工藝品所用的K9光學玻(bo)璃，水(shui)(shui)晶(jing)(jing)玻(bo)璃就是晶(jing)(jing)質玻(bo)璃。我國江蘇東海等(deng)石(shi)英產地，水(shui)(shui)晶(jing)(jing)仍然為(wei)傳統上(shang)的石(shi)英晶(jing)(jing)體。

本(ben)文就水(shui)晶玻(bo)璃(li)的沿革、水(shui)晶玻(bo)璃(li)的現狀和水(shui)晶玻(bo)璃(li)的發展(zhan)方向(xiang)進行探討。

水晶玻璃的發展歷程

水晶(jing)(jing)(jing)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)已有(you)(you)悠(you)久歷(li)史，遠古時(shi)代(dai)由于(yu)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)雜質(zhi)多(duo)，熔化溫度(du)不(bu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)沒(mei)有(you)(you)熔化好，有(you)(you)大(da)量(liang)(liang)未熔砂粒、氣泡等(deng)(deng)缺陷，同時(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)中(zhong)鐵、錳、鈦(tai)等(deng)(deng)著色金屬(shu)離(li)子很多(duo)，玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)往往是(shi)不(bu)透(tou)明(ming)或(huo)半透(tou)明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。到了(le)(le)13世紀，威尼(ni)斯(si)人采用含(han)(han)雜質(zhi)較(jiao)(jiao)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石英巖和(he)Levant的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)鈉(na)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)草(cao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)灰(hui)(hui)，熔化成(cheng)(cheng)無色透(tou)明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)。15世紀時(shi)，原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)更(geng)有(you)(you)了(le)(le)進一(yi)步改進，用Ticino河下游純粹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石英砂和(he)草(cao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)灰(hui)(hui)沸水溶液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)再結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)純堿(jian)，得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)透(tou)明(ming)度(du)比過去(qu)明(ming)顯(xian)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)，與水晶(jing)(jing)(jing)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似，故命(ming)名為(wei)(wei)Cristallo，是(shi)一(yi)種鈉(na)鈣水晶(jing)(jing)(jing)，其成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)范圍(質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)(fen)數)為(wei)(wei)[1]SiO270.0%~71.5%、Al2O30.8%~1.31%、CaO4.07%~4.72%、MgO1.47%~1.66%、K2O2.84%~4.55%、Na2O15.2%~16.8%、Fe2O30.25%~0.51%、MnO0.26%~0.51%、SO30.19%~0.31%、Cl0.62%~0.92%、P2O50.15%~0.24%，此成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)中(zhong)Fe2O3、MnO為(wei)(wei)礦物原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雜質(zhi)，Cl、P2O5均為(wei)(wei)草(cao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)灰(hui)(hui)純堿(jian)中(zhong)雜質(zhi)。鈉(na)鈣水晶(jing)(jing)(jing)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)與現代(dai)器(qi)皿(min)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)有(you)(you)些相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似，K2O+Na2O含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)比較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，CaO+MgO含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)比較(jiao)(jiao)低，玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)易熔，適合(he)于(yu)手工操作。13世紀以(yi)后，波(bo)希米亞人(Bohemian)在(zai)波(bo)希米亞(Bohemia，今(jin)屬(shu)捷克(ke))和(he)西里西亞(Silsia)地(di)區(qu)建立了(le)(le)十幾個玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)廠，除了(le)(le)要優質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石英砂為(wei)(wei)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)外，還用含(han)(han)碳酸鉀(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)森林(lin)木(mu)(mu)(mu)材(cai)灰(hui)(hui)，如(ru)山毛(mao)櫸林(lin)(beethforests)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)(mu)材(cai)灰(hui)(hui)為(wei)(wei)引入堿(jian)性(xing)氧化物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，于(yu)是(shi)制成(cheng)(cheng)折射率較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)透(tou)明(ming)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)，也稱水晶(jing)(jing)(jing)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(crystalex)，文獻上為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)與威尼(ni)斯(si)水晶(jing)(jing)(jing)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)區(qu)別(bie)，稱為(wei)(wei)波(bo)希米亞水晶(jing)(jing)(jing)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(BohemiaCrystalex)，由于(yu)用森林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)(mu)材(cai)灰(hui)(hui)為(wei)(wei)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，故又(you)稱森林(lin)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(ForextGlass)。波(bo)希米亞水晶(jing)(jing)(jing)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)鉀(jia)鈣成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)，含(han)(han)SiO275%~77%、CaO5%~6%、K2O15%~17%，玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)折射率nD為(wei)(wei)1.48~1.49，此系(xi)統稱為(wei)(wei)鉀(jia)鈣水晶(jing)(jing)(jing)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)。后來為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)改進性(xing)能，在(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)中(zhong)加(jia)入Na2O和(he)少許B2O3，改稱為(wei)(wei)鉀(jia)鈉(na)鈣水晶(jing)(jing)(jing)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)，目前捷克(ke)生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)此類型水晶(jing)(jing)(jing)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)(fen)數)為(wei)(wei)SiO275.5%、B2O30.2%、CaO6%、K2O4.8%、Na2O12.8%。鉀(jia)鈣和(he)鉀(jia)鈉(na)水晶(jing)(jing)(jing)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)主要產(chan)地(di)為(wei)(wei)離(li)布拉格90km的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諾維波(bo)爾(Nov?Bor)小(xiao)鎮，產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術指標為(wei)(wei)：密度(du)2.444g/cm3，折射率nD(20℃)為(wei)(wei)1.50002，平均色散(san)(20℃)為(wei)(wei)830×10-5，線膨脹系(xi)數為(wei)(wei)89.1×10-7℃-1，耐酸性(xing)(按ISO719標準，0.01mol/L的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)HCl在(zai)98℃侵蝕后玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)表面單位面積失重)為(wei)(wei)1.98mg/dm2，液(ye)(ye)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)線溫度(du)950℃[2]。